A Comparative Analysis of the Cultural and Economic Measures Taken by Muḥammad-ʿAlī Mīrzā Dawlatshāh and Imāmqolī Mīrzā ʿImād al-Dawlah in Kermanshah

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Post-Islamic Iranian History, Department of History, Islamic Azad University, Sananjad branch, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch, Sanandaj, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Historical Studies, Faculty of Literature and Huanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

Kermanshah owes its reconstruction after the complete destruction by the Mongols to the Zanganih family, especially Shaykh ʿAlī Khān Zanganih, the governor of the city, who later rose to the position of the Prime Minister of Safavids. However, the modern identity and social, religious, and urban structures of the city are indebted to the rule of Dawlatshāh and his descendants during the Qājār era. Dawlatshāh’s actions were not limited to architecture and construction, but also included the influential presence of the clergy, cultural transformations, the presence of merchants, the presence of Persian poets from other Iranian cities, and the alignment of the people of Kermanshah with the central government in comparison to the situation in other Kurdish regions. Dawlatshāh’s death and Muḥammad Shāh’s animosity towards his descendants brought about another fall into a period of decline and inactivity for Kermanshah, until Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh rose to power. During this time, the city flourished again due to the efforts of ʿImād al-Dawlah, one of Dawlatshāh’s sons.  In this context, the following questions arise: What were the cultural and economic measures taken by the two rulers in Kermanshah? and how do the conditions of Kermanshah compare during the reign of each ruler? The present study aims to explore these questions using the analytical-descriptive approach and historical data.

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Main Subjects


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