Statistical Analysis of Historical Citations Regarding Āshūrā Used in Madīna Maʿājiz al-aʾīmma al-ʾasnā- ʾashar

Document Type : Promotional article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Alzahra University

2 Third Level Seminary Graduate, History of Islam

Abstract

Conducting the mourning rituals of Āshūrā and Āshūrānegārī were highly useful practices in order to preach Shīʿīsm and Shīʿa doctrines during the Ṣaffavīd period. Among such works, Buḥrānī’s Madīna Maʿājiz al-aʾīmma played a crucial role. Therefore, it proves necessary to analyse the citations used in this work in reference to Shīʿa resources.
The present essay adopts the mixed method of research. Data is collected through library research, while statistics and citations are provided in tables and charts in order to recognize the citation rate after counting the number of citations to Shīʿa and Sunnī resources. The study reveals that 95% of the book’s citations refer to Shīʿa resources, with the remaining 5% referring to Sunnī resources. All in all, the book does not hold a high academic standing because it has made use of unreliable contemporary resources. Buḥrānī has used such resources in an act of favoring Sunnī manuscripts and as a kind of ultimatum presented to the Sunnīs. Most of the Shīʿa resources used by Buḥrānī are related to rituals, pilgrimage, and manāqib. On the other hand, most Sunnī resources cite and refer to historical events.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Abū Naʻim, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd Allāh. Ḥilya al-Aūlīyāʾ wa Ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfīyāʾ. Cairo: Dār Um al-Qurā, n.d.
Afandī  Isfahānī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻIīsā Bīg. Ryāż al-ʻUlamāʾ wa Ḥayāż al-Fuḍalāʾ. researched by Aḥmad Ḥusaynī Ashkivarī, Maḥmūd  Marʻashī, Qum: Kitābkhānih Uʿmumī Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī, 1981/1401.
Amīn, Muḥsin. Aʻyān al-Shiʻa. Beirut: Dār al-Taʻārf l-lMaṭbūʻāt, 1983/1403.
Āqā Buzurg Tehranī. al-Dharīʻa Ilā Taānīf al-Shiʻa.Chāp 3, Beirut: Dār al-Aḍvāʾ, 1983/1403.
Baghawī, Ḥusayn ibn al-Masʻūd. Maṣābīh al-Suna. researched by Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Raḥmān al-Maraʻshlī ,  Jamāl amdī Zahabī, Muḥammad Salīm ibn Samāra, Beirut: Dar al-Maʻrifa, 1987/1407.
Baḥrānī, Hishām ibn Suliymān, Ghāya al-Marām wa Ḥuja al-Khiṣām fī Taʻyīn  al-Imām min Ṭarīq al-Khāṣ wa al-ʻĀm, researched by ʻAlī ʻĀshur, Beirut: al-Tārīkh al-ʻAtabī, 2002/1422.
Baḥrānī, Hishām ibn Suliymān. Madīna Maʻājz Aʾimma al-Ithnā ʻAshar wa Dalāʾil al-Ḥujj ʻAlā al-Bashar,  ed. ʻIzat Allāh Mulāy Nīyā Hamidānī. Qum: ʾassisa Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya,1994/1414.
Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. Luʾluʾ al-Baḥryn fī al-Ijāzāt wa Trājum al-Rjāl al-Ḥadīth, researched by Sayyid Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʻUlum. Chāp2, Qum: ʾassisa Āl al-Biyt (AS) L-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, n.d.
Chardin, Jean. Safarnāmih, translated by Ḥusayn Huzhabrīyān va Ḥasan Asadī. Tehran: Nashr Rūz Farzān, 2005/1384.
Ḥimyarī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Jaʻfar. Qurb al-Asnād. Qum. ʾassisa Āl Biyt(AS), 1993/1413.
Ḥusaynī, Zīnab al-Sādāt. “Ravishshināsī Kitāb-i Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib va Āsībshināsī Ān dar Naql az Manābiʻ Aḥl-i Sunat” no.21(spring and summer 2016/1395): 5-23.
Ibn ʻAsākir, ʻAlī ibn Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i al-Madīna Dimashq. researched by ʻAlī Shīrī: Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995/1415.
Ibn Ḥamza al-Ṭusī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. al-Thāqib fī al-Manāqib. researched by Nabīl Riżā ʻAlavān. Chāp 3, Qum: Anārīyān, 1998/1377.
Ibn Namā, Jaʻfar ibn Muḥammad. Mathīr al-Aḥzān. Qum: Madrasa al-Imām al-Maḥdī(AS), 1986/1406.
Ibn Quliwayh, Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad. Kāmil al-Zīyārāt. researched by ʻAbd  al- Ḥusayn  Amīnī. Najaf: Dār al-Murtażavīya, 1977/1356.
Ibn Shādhān, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Miaʾa Manqaba min Manāqib Amīr al-Mūʾminīn ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib va Aʾimma min wuldih min Ṭarīq al-ʻĀmma. Chāp2: Qum: Anṣārīyān, 1993/1413.
Ibn Shahr Āshub, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Manāqib Āl-I Abī Ṭālib. Najaf: al-Ḥydarīyya , 1957/1376.
Ibn Ṭāwus, ʻAlī ibn Mūsā. al-Ṭarāiʾf fī Maʻrafa Madhāb al-Ṭavāʻif. Qum: al-Khayām, 1979/1399.
Ibn Ṭāwus, ʻAlī ibn Mūsā. Iqbāl b-al-ʻAmāl al-Ḥasana. researched by Javād al-Qayūmī al-Isfahānī: Qum: Markaz al-Nashr al-Tābiʻ l-Maktab al-ʻAlām al-Islāmī, 1998/1418.
Imām al-ʻAskarī. Tafsīr Al-Imām al-ʻAskarī(AS). researched by Madrasa al-Imām al-Maḥdī (AS). Qum: Madrasa al-Imām al-Maḥdī (AS), 1989/1409.
Irbilī, ʻAlī ibn ʻIīsā. Kashf al-Ghumia fī Maʻrafa Aʾimma. Qum: al-Sharīf, 2001/1421.
Istarābādī al-Najafī, Sharaf al-Dīn. Taʾwīl al- Āyāt al-āhira fī Faḍāʾil al-ʻAtra al-Ṭāhira. Qum: Madrasa al-Imām al-Maḥdī(AS), 1987/1407.
Jaʻfarīyān, Rasūl. Ṣafavīyih dar ʻArṣirih Din, Farhang va Sīyāsat. Qum: Pazhūhīshkadih Ḥūzih va Dānishgāh, 2000/1379.
Khānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Zayn al-ʻĀbidīn. Rūżāt al-Janāt fī Aḥvāl al-ʻUlamāʾ va al-Sādāt. researched by Asad Allāh Ismāʻilīyān. Qum: Dihāqānī (Ismāʻilīyān), n.d.
Khātun Ābādī, ʻAbd  al-Ḥusayn. Vaqāyʻ al-Sinyn va al-Aʻvām.  Ed. Muḥammad Bāqir Bihbūdī. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī Islāmī, 1973/1352.
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Biḥār al-Anvār al-Jāmiʻa l-Durr Akhbār Aʾimma al-Aṭhār, ed.  Muḥammad Bāqir Maḥmudī, researched by ʻAbd al-Zahrāʾ ʻAlawī. Beirut: Mūʾassisa al-wafāʾ, n.d.
Mīr Aḥmadī, Maryam, Dīn va Mazhab dar ʻAṣri Ṣafavī.  Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1984/1363.
Najāsh, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī. Rijāl al-Najāsh. researched by Musā al-Shubiyrī al-Zanjānī. Chāp6, Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1986/1365.
Olearius, Adam, Safarnāmih Olearius. Tehran: Sāzimān-i Intishārātī va Farhangī  Ibtikār, 1984/1363.
Pīrzādih Zāhidī, Shiykh Ḥusayn. Silsila al-Nasab afavīyh. Birlyin: Chāpkhānih Iīranshahr, 1926/1344.
Qumī, ʻAbās. al-Kinī va al-Alqāb. Tehran: Maktaba al-Ṣadr, 1989/1368.
Rafʻat, Muḥsin. “Bāzkhānī va Naqd-i Rivāyat Ingārihhāy Ṭarīḥī dar al-Muntakhab”. Shiʻa Pazhūhī, yr.7, no20(spring and summer2021/1400):193-228
Rafʻat, Muḥsin; Raḥmān Sitāysh Muḥammad Kāẓim, Ḥijāzī, Maryam al-Sādāt. “Rivāyāt ʻĀshūrāyī Kāmil al-Ziyārāt dar Būtih Naqd”. Shiʻa Pazhūhī, yr.3, no12(autumn2017/1396): 107-140.
Ranjbar, Muḥsin, “Sīyrī dar Maqtal Nivīsī va Tārīkh Nigārī ʻĀshūrā az Āghāz tā ʻAṣri  Ḥāżir (3)”. Tārīkh Islām dar Āynih Pazhūhish, no.16(winter 2007/1386): 83-121.
Ranjbar, Muḥsin. Jarīyān Shināsī Tārīkhī Qirāʾathā va Rūīkardhāy ʻĀshūrā az Ṣafavīyh ta Mashrūṭih Ba Taʾkīd bar Maqātil.  Chāp 2, Qum: ʾassisa Āmūzishī va Pazhūhīsh Imām Khumiynī , 2013/1392.
Ṣadrī, Manīzhih; Nikbakht, Raḥīm. “Naqshih-ī Muhim za Irān ʻAṣri Ṣafavī Majūd dar Ārshiv ʻUsmānī”, Payām Bahārstān, yr.1, no.4, (summer 2009 /1388): 1171-1175. 
Ṣafār, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Baṣāiʾr al-Darajāt al-Kubrā. Tehran: Mūʾassisa al-Aʻalamī, 1983/1362.
Savory, Roger, Irān ʻAṣri Ṣafavī. translated by Kāmbīz ʻAzīzī. Tehran: Nashr Markaz, 1993/1372.
Ṭabarsī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī. al-Iḥtijāj. Ed. Muḥammad Bāqir Musavī Khurāsānī. Mashhad: al-Murtiżā, 1983/1403.
Ṭarīḥī, Fakhar al-Din ibn Muḥammad. al-Muntakhab fī Jamʻ al-Marāthī wa al-Khaṭab(al-Fakhrī). Ed. ʻAlī Naḍāl. Beirut: Mūʾassisa Aʻalamī al-Maṭbūʻat, 2004 /1424.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Jaʻfar. Tahdhib al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqanaʻa ll-Shīkh al-Mufīd. researched by ʻAlī Ākhundī,  Chāp 4, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyya, 1986/1365.
 
 
 
CAPTCHA Image
Volume 52, Issue 2 - Serial Number 105
Autumn & Winter 2020-2021
January 2021
Pages 123-91
  • Receive Date: 05 August 2021
  • Revise Date: 13 February 2022
  • Accept Date: 20 February 2022